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索引: 隐函数
知识点
概念定位:
隐函数属于“变量关系”问题。显函数直接写成 \(y=f(x)\),输入 \(x\) 后能直接算出 \(y\);隐函数则先给出一个方程
\[ F(x,y)=0, \]
它把 \(x,y\) 捆在一起。若在某个区间内每个 \(x\) 都能唯一确定一个 \(y\),则这个方程在该区间上确定了一个隐函数
\[ y=y(x). \]
定义:
设方程 \(F(x,y)=0\)。如果当 \(x\) 在某区间 \(I\) 内取任一值时,总存在唯一的 \(y\) 满足该方程,则称方程 \(F(x,y)=0\) 在该区间内确定了一个隐函数 \(y=y(x)\)。
为什么“唯一”是关键:
隐函数不是说方程里同时有 \(x,y\) 就行,而是要由 \(x\) 唯一反推出 \(y\)。如果某个 \(x\) 对应两个不同的 \(y\),那描述的是多值关系,不能直接称为一个函数 \(y=y(x)\)。这和反函数中的“一一对应”是同一种底层思想。
显化与不易显化:
有些隐函数容易显化。例如
\[ x+y^3-1=0 \]
可以改写为
\[ y=\sqrt [3]{1-x}. \]
有些隐函数不容易显化,例如
\[ \sin (xy)=\ln \frac {x+e}{y}+1. \]
这类方程很难整理成 \(y=y(x)\) 的显式表达,但在局部仍可能确定隐函数。后续学习隐函数求导时,常常不需要显化,只要直接对方程两边求导。
特殊点求值的观察法:
如果只要求某个点的函数值 \(y(x_0)\),不一定要解出整个 \(y=y(x)\)。把 \(x=x_0\) 代入方程后,若关于 \(y\) 的方程容易观察出唯一解,就直接求该点函数值。
例如,方程
\[ \ln y-\frac {x}{y}+x=0,\qquad x>0 \]
确定 \(y=y(x)\)。当 \(x=2\) 时,方程化为
\[ \ln y-\frac {2}{y}+2=0. \]
令
\[ h(y)=\ln y-\frac {2}{y}+2,\qquad y>0. \]
直接观察 \(y=1\) 时
\[ h(1)=0-2+2=0. \]
若要补足唯一性,可看
\[ h'(y)=\frac 1y+\frac {2}{y^2}>0, \]
所以 \(h(y)\) 在 \(y>0\) 上严格递增,零点唯一。因此
\[ y(2)=1. \]
再如,方程
\[ \ln y+e^{y-1}=\frac {x}{2} \]
确定 \(y=y(x)\)。当 \(x=2\) 时,
\[ \ln y+e^{y-1}=1. \]
令
\[ k(y)=\ln y+e^{y-1},\qquad y>0. \]
观察得
\[ k(1)=0+1=1. \]
又因为
\[ k'(y)=\frac 1y+e^{y-1}>0, \]
所以解唯一,故
\[ y(2)=1. \]
常见误区:
-
• 看到 \(F(x,y)=0\) 就默认一定有隐函数,忽略了唯一性。
-
• 为了求一个点 \(y(x_0)\),强行解出整条函数表达式,计算反而变繁。
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• 混淆“隐函数存在”和“能显式写出”。很多隐函数可以存在,但未必容易显化。